Public Knowledge, and Perceptions of Honeybees in Punjab, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38211/joarps.2026.07.363Keywords:
Conservation, Honeybee, Pakistan, Human behaviorAbstract
Honeybees are key pollinators and seed dispersers, and conserving them is critical to maintaining agricultural yields and ecological balance. This study sought to evaluate residents' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of honeybees in Pakistan. The present research was conducted in 10 districts of Punjab: Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Lahore, Sialkot, Kasur, Okara, Narowal, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Rahim Yar Khan. A total of 400 closed-ended questionnaires, each containing 33 items, were distributed to randomly selected respondents from communities in each district, with 40 questionnaires per district. During the survey, it was discovered that most people in Punjab valued the honeybee for more than just its beauty. The majority of respondents were familiar with honeybee products such as honey, but many were unaware of propolis, beeswax, bee pollen, and royal jelly. People in Punjab have some scientific understanding of honeybees; for example, they are aware that honeybees aid in research, benefit agriculture, and are employed in traditional and modern medicine. They are also aware that honeybees consume plant parts and help pollinate them. The majority of the population believes that honeybees are not involved in any type of magic and that their venom is not hazardous to humans. The current study improves our understanding of the cultural and economic elements that affect the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of beekeepers and the surrounding population. To improve people's present knowledge of honeybees, we support educational programs for specific community groups that highlight ecosystem services and the need to safeguard honeybees.
Downloads
References
Abbas, S., Kousar, S., & Khan, M. S. (2022). The role of climate change in food security; empirical evidence over Punjab regions, Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(35), 53718-53736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19315-7
Abbasi, A. M., Khan, M. A., Ahmad, M., & Zafar, M. (2011). Medicinal plant biodiversity of lesser Himalayas-Pakistan. Springer Science & Business Media. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1575-6
Ahmad F, R. P. (2000). Bhutan: indigenous honeybee project study (Travel report, Issue.
Ahmad, J., Altaf, M., Khan, M. S. H., Tanveer, M., Junaid, M., Ayoub, H.,…Shahzad, U. (2025). Desert Life Unveiled: Diversity of Mammals at Cholistan, Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of WIldlife and Ecology, 9(1), 10-21.
Al-Waili, N., Salom, K., Al-Ghamdi, A., Ansari, M. J., Al-Waili, A., & Al-Waili, T. (2013). Honey and cardiovascular risk factors, in normal individuals and in patients with diabetes mellitus or dyslipidemia. Journal of medicinal food, 16(12), 1063-1078. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.0285
Ali, A., Khan, M. S. H., & Altaf, M. (2020). Analysis of anthropogenic activities on avian diversity along the coastal landscape of Sindh, Pakistan Journal of Wildlife and Ecology, 4(2), 94-110.
Alqarni, A. S., Owayss, A. A., Mahmoud, A. A., & Hannan, M. A. (2014). Mineral content and physical properties of local and imported honeys in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 18(5), 618-625. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2012.11.009
Altaf, M., & Umair, M. (2020). Diversity, distribution and medicinal importance of Honeybees in the World-A review. J. Wildl. Ecol, 4, 130-141.
Altaf, M., & Umair, M. (2022). Ecology of Mountain Ranges in Pakistan-a review. Journal of WIldlife and Ecology, 6(3).
Altaf, M., Umair, M., Abbasi, A. R., Muhammad, N., & Abbasi, A. M. (2018). Ethnomedicinal applications of animal species by the local communities of Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 14(1), 55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0253-4
Aluko, E. O., Olubobokun, T. H., Atang, D. E., & Nna, V. U. (2014). Honey’s Ability to Reduce Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Healthy Male Subjects. Frontiers in Science, 4(1), 8-11.
Andersen, O. M., & Markham, K. R. (2005). Flavonoids: chemistry, biochemistry and applications. CRC press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039443
Arias, M., Tingek, S., Kelitu, A., & Sheppard, W. (1996). Apis nulensis Tingek, Koeniger and Koeniger, 1996 and its genetic relationship with sympatric species inferred from DNA sequences. Apidologie, 27(5), 415-422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19960509
Barros, F. B., Varela, S. A., Pereira, H. M., & Vicente, L. (2012). Medicinal use of fauna by a traditional community in the Brazilian Amazonia. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 8(1), 37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-8-37
Bashir, F., Altaf, M., Batool, S., Khan, M. S. H., Nerajo, A. H., Iftakhar, A.,…Ali, S. (2025). Diversity and Ecology of Birds from selected Sites of Islamabad, Pakistan. Journal of WIldlife and Ecology, 9(2), 101-130.
Batool, S., Altaf, M., Junaid, M., & Khan, M. S. H. (2025). Distribution, Status, and Threats to Reptile and Amphibian Species in the Vicinity of Pakistan’s Ramsar. Journal of WIldlife and Ecology, 9(3), 310-332.
Batool, S., Ayoub, H., Khan, M. S. H., Laraib, T., Khan, M., & Altaf, M. (2024). Distribution of Mammalian Species in the Vicinity of Ramsar Sites of Pakistan. Journal of WIldlife and Ecology, 8(1), 82-95.
Batra, S. (1995). Biology of Apis laboriosa Smith, a pollinator of apples at the high altitude in the Greater Himalaya of Garhwal, India. USDA Agricultural Research Series, Tektran.
Belluco, S., Bertola, M., Montarsi, F., Di Martino, G., Granato, A., Stella, R.,…Mutinelli, F. (2023). Insects and public health: an overview. Insects, 14(3), 240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14030240
Benítez, G. (2011). Animals used for medicinal and magico-religious purposes in western Granada Province, Andalusia (Spain). Journal of ethnopharmacology, 137(3), 1113-1123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.036
Betlloch Mas, I., Chiner, E., Chiner Betlloch, J., Llorca, F. X., & Martín Pascual, L. (2014). The use of animals in medicine of Latin tradition: study of the Tresor de Beutat, a medieval treatise devoted to female cosmetics.
Bonté, F., & Desmoulière, A. (2013). Le miel: origine et composition. Actualités pharmaceutiques, 52(531), 18-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpha.2013.10.004
Boukraâ, L. (2023). Honey in traditional and modern medicine. CRC Press.
Carter, J. R., & Palihawardena, M. (2000). The Dhammapada.(The saying of Buddha). In: Oxford University Press.
Castro-Vázquez, L., Díaz-Maroto, M. C., & Pérez-Coello, M. S. (2007). Aroma composition and new chemical markers of Spanish citrus honeys. Food Chemistry, 103, 601–606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.031
Channa, F. A., Khan, M. A., & Narejo, N. T. (2018). The Benefits of Honey and Science: Quraa’n and Hadith Perspective. Grassroots, 52(1), 236-245.
Chinlampianga, M., Singh, R. K., & Shukla, A. C. (2013). Ethnozoological diversity of Northeast India: Empirical learning with traditional knowledge holders of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl, 12(1), 18-30.
da Silva, P. M., Gauche, C., Gonzaga, L. V., Costa, A. C. O., & Fett, R. (2016). Honey: Chemical composition, stability and authenticity. Food Chemistry, 196(309-323). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.051
Dai, Y., Choi, Y. H., & Verpoorte, R. (2021). Honey in traditional Chinese medicine: A guide to future applications of NADES to medicines. In Advances in botanical research (Vol. 97, pp. 361-384). Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.abr.2020.09.011
Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A., & Hyatt, A. D. (2000). Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife--threats to biodiversity and human health. science, 287(5452), 443-449. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5452.443
Deb, A. K., & Haque, C. E. (2011). ‘Every mother is a mini-doctor’: Ethnomedicinal uses of fish, shellfish and some other aquatic animals in Bangladesh. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 134(2), 259-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.001
Deowanish, S., Wattanachaiyingcharoen, W., Wongsiri, S., Oldroyd, B., Leepitakrat, S., Rinderer, T., & Sylvester, H. (2001). Biodiversity of dwarf honey bees in Thailand. Proceedings of 7th international conference on tropical climates, Chiang Mai,
Dhavan, P. (2020). Warriors and Zamindars in Mughal Punjab. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190222642.013.13
Dixit, A., Kadavul, K., Rajalakshmi, S., & Shekhawat, M. (2010). Ethno-medico-biological studies of South India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 9(1), 116-118.
Ejaz, A., & Rasheed, Z. (2024). Perceptions and Folklores about Mammalian species among the People of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Journal of WIldlife and Ecology, 8(2), 96-108.
Engel, M. S. (1999). The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Apis).
Erejuwa, O. O., Sulaiman, S. A., & Ab Wahab, M. S. (2012). Honey-a novel antidiabetic agent. International journal of biological sciences, 8(6), 913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.3697
Estevinho, L., Pereira, A. P., Moreira, L., Dias, L. G., & Pereira, E. (2008). Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of phenolic compounds extracts of Northeast Portugal honey. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(12), 3774-3779. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.062
Faiz, M., & Altaf, M. (2024). Study of Avian-human Interaction: Uses of Avian Species in Ethnopharmacological Practices in Haveli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Journal of WIldlife and Ecology, 8(2), 154-178.
GBIF. (2017). Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei
GOP. (2025). Population Profile Punjab. Government of Punjab. https://pwd.punjab.gov.pk/population_profile
Grewal, J. (2004). Historical geography of the Punjab. JPS, 11(1), 2.
Gupta, R. K. (2014). Taxonomy and distribution of different honeybee species. In Beekeeping for poverty alleviation and livelihood security (pp. 63-103). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1_2
Hadisoesilo, S. (1997). A comparative study of two species of cavity-nesting honey bees of Sulawesi, Indonesia University of Guelph Ontario, Canada].
Hadisoesilo, S., Raffiudin, R., Susanti, W., Atmowidi, T., Hepburn, C., Radloff, S. E.,…Hepburn, H. R. (2008). Morphometric analysis and biogeography of Apis koschevnikovi Enderlein (1906). Apidologie, 39(5), 495-503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2008029
Haileselasie, T. H. (2012). Traditional zootherapeutic studies in Degu’a Tembien, Northern Ethiopia. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4, 563-569.
Halvorson, K., Baumung, R., Leroy, G., Chen, C., & Boettcher, P. (2021). Protection of honeybees and other pollinators: One global study. Apidologie, 52(3), 535-547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-021-00841-1
Han, F., Wallberg, A., & Webster, M. T. (2012). From where did the W estern honeybee (A pis mellifera) originate? Ecology and evolution, 2(8), 1949-1957. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.312
Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2011). Biogeography of the dwarf honeybees, Apis andreniformis and Apis florea. Apidologie, 42(3), 293-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-011-0024-x
Hepburn, H. R., Radloff, S. E., Otis, G. W., Fuchs, S., Verma, L., Ken, T.,…Wongsiri, S. (2005). Apis florea: morphometrics, classification and biogeography. Apidologie, 36(3), 359-376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2005023
Hermosı́n, I., Chicon, R. M., & Cabezudo, M. D. (2003). Free amino acid composition and botanical origin of honey. Food Chemistry, 83(2), 263-268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00089-X
Hogue, J. N. (2009). Folk beliefs and superstitions. In Encyclopedia of Insects (pp. 372-376). Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374144-8.00110-7
Huryn, V. M. B. (1997). Ecological impacts of introduced honey bees. The quarterly review of biology, 72(3), 275-297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/419860
Iglesias, M. T., Martín-Álvarez, P. J., Polo, M. C., de Lorenzo, C., González, M., & Pueyo, E. (2006). Changes in the free amino acid contents of honeys during storage at ambient temperature. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 54(24), 9099. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf061712x
Irshad, F., Anees, L., Ali, S., Nadeem, M. S., & hadi, A. (2025). Patterns of Nest-Site Selection and Breeding Performance of Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi) in Islamabad, Pakistan. Journal of WIldlife and Ecology, 9(3), 249-259.
Iwasaki, J. M., & Hogendoorn, K. (2021). How protection of honey bees can help and hinder bee conservation. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 46, 112-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2021.05.005
Jahangeer, M., & Awan, M. S. (2024). Distribution of common leopard (Panthera pardus) and human-common leopard conflict in Lachhrat Forest Range, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Journal of WIldlife and Ecology, 8(1), 43-73.
Jaroli, D., Mahawar, M. M., & Vyas, N. (2010). An ethnozoological study in the adjoining areas of Mount Abu wildlife sanctuary, India. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 6(1), 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-6-6
Kamal, M. A., & Klein, P. (2011). Determination of sugars in honey by liquid chromatography. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 18(1), 17-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.09.003
Kamarulzaidi, M. A., Yusoff, Z. M., & Adli, D. S. H. (2014). Quranic advocation of honey consumption and its application towards memory enhancement. QURANICA-International Journal of Quranic Research, 6(1), 17-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22452/quranica.vol6no1.2
Kelhoffer, J. A. (2005). The diet of John the Baptist:" locusts and wild honey" in synoptic and patristic interpretation (Vol. 176). Mohr Siebeck.
Khan, A. A. (2020). Changing pattern of population growth and structure in Punjab, Pakistan. South Asian Studies, 26(2).
Khan, K. A., Ansari, M. J., Al-Ghamdi, A., Sharma, D., & Ali, H. (2014). Biodiversity and relative abundance of different honeybee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Murree-Punjab, Pakistan. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud., 2(4), 324-327.
Khan, M., Israr, H., Fatima, K., Laraib, T., Batool, S., Ayoub, H.,…Nawaz, I. (2024). Analysis of Avian communities under different Urban Habitats in District Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of WIldlife and Ecology, 8(1), 1-14.
Khan, S. B., Mustafa, T., Ali, U., Maham, Laraib, T., & Ayoub, H. (2022). Bird abundance and diversity in vicinity of urban-rural gradient in Khanewal, Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Wildlife and Ecology, 6(4).
Koeniger, N. (1976). Interspecific competition between Apis florea and Apis mellifera in the tropics. Bee World, 57(3), 110-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1976.11097604
Koetz, A. (2013). Spread of Apis cerana in Australia, 2007–2012, Asian Honey Bee Transition to Management Program. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FAFD (ed.). Cairns.
Kumar, R. (2024). Historical and Religious Perspective of Honey. In Honey (pp. 1-16). CRC Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003490180-1
Laraib, T., Altaf, M., Batool, S., Khan, M., & Ayoub, H. (2024). Distribution of avian species in the vicinity of Ramsar Sites of Pakistan. Journal of WIldlife and Ecology, 8(4), 270-293.
Lev, E. (2003). Traditional healing with animals (zootherapy): medieval to present-day Levantine practice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 85(1), 107-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00377-X
Li, X., Huang, Q., Ong, C.-N., Yang, X.-F., & Shen, H.-M. (2010). Chrysin sensitizes tumor necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis in human tumor cells via suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB. Cancer letters, 293(1), 109-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2010.01.002
Lohani, U. (2011). Traditional uses of animals among jirels of Central Nepal. Ethno Med, 5(2), 115-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09735070.2011.11886398
Maa, T. (1953). An inquiry into the systematics of the tribus Apidini or honeybees (Hym.). Treubia, 21(3), 525-640. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14203/treubia.v21i3.2669
Mahawar, M. M., & Jaroli, D. (2006). Animals and their products utilized as medicines by the inhabitants surrounding the Ranthambhore National Park, India. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 2(1), 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-46
Malik, A., & Mirza, R. A. (2015). Religion, land and politics: Shrines and literacy in Punjab, Pakistan. Islamabad: USAID.
Mandal, M. D., & Mandal, S. (2011). Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(2), 154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60016-6
Mansha, S., & Nawaz, A. (2023). Human-Wildlife Interaction: The superstitious, narratives and dreams about Wildlife. Journal of WIldlife and Ecology, 7(4), 223-226.
Mootoosamy, A., & Mahomoodally, M. F. (2014). A quantitative ethnozoological assessment of traditionally used animal-based therapies in the tropical island of Mauritius. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 154(3), 847-857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.001
Moreira, R. F. A., Maria, C. A. B., Pietroluongo, M., & Trugo, L. C. (2007). Chemical changes in the non-volatile fraction of Brazilian honeys during storage under tropical conditions. Food Chemistry, 104, 1236–1241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.055
Morris, B. (2020). Insects and human life. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003085713
Mortensen, A. N., Schmehl, D. R., & Ellis, J. (2013). European honey bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus, and subspecies (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae). In: University of Florida Extension. Retrieved from: http://edis. ifas. ufl. edu …. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1005-2013
Oliveira, E. S., Torres, D. F., Brooks, S. E., & Alves, R. R. (2010). The medicinal animal markets in the metropolitan region of Natal City, Northeastern Brazil. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 130(1), 54-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.010
Oršolić, N. (2009). Bee honey and cancer. Journal of apiproduct and apimedical Science, 1(4), 93-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.4.01.4.01
Paar, J., Oldroyd, B., Huettinger, E., & Kastberger, G. (2004). Genetic structure of an Apis dorsata population: the significance of migration and colony aggregation. Journal of Heredity, 95(2), 119-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esh026
Padmanabhan, P., & Sujana, K. (2008). Animal products in traditional medicine from Attappady hills of Western Ghats. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 7(2), 326-329.
Pandit, T. K. B. a. S. THERAPEUTIC USE OF HONEY IN AYURVEDA. BEE CONSERVATION, 157.
Panziera, D., Requier, F., Chantawannakul, P., Pirk, C. W., & Blacquière, T. (2022). The diversity decline in wild and managed honey bee populations urges for an integrated conservation approach. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 767950. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.767950
Papa, G., Maier, R., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Karabagias, I. K., Plutino, M.,…Ambrogio, A. (2022). The honey bee Apis mellifera: An insect at the interface between human and ecosystem health. Biology, 11(2), 233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11020233
Purbafrani, B., Hashemi, S. A. G., Bayyenat, S., Moghaddam, H. T., & Saeidi, M. (2014). The Benefits of Honey in Holy Quran. International Journal of Pediatrics, (Supplement 5) 2, 67-73.
Radloff, S. E., Hepburn, C., Hepburn, H. R., Fuchs, S., Hadisoesilo, S., Tan, K.,…Kuznetsov, V. (2010). Population structure and classification of Apis cerana. Apidologie, 41(6), 589-601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2010008
Radloff, S. E., Hepburn, H., & Engel, M. S. (2011). The Asian species of Apis. In Honeybees of Asia (pp. 1-22). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16422-4_1
Ransome, H. M. (2004). The sacred bee in ancient times and folklore. Courier Corporation.
Rattanawannee, A., Chanchao, C., & Wongsiri, S. (2007). Morphometric and genetic variation of small dwarf honeybees Apis andreniformis Smith, 1858 in Thailand. Insect science, 14(6), 451-460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2007.00173.x
Rayamane, A. P., Kumar, M., & Kishor, D. (2014). Honey bee stings and anaphylaxis. J Forensic Med Sci Law, 23(1), 1-7.
Rhone, M., & Basu, A. (2008). Phytochemicals and age-related eye diseases. Nutrition reviews, 66(8), 465-472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00078.x
Roubik, D., Sakai, S., & Karim, A. A. H. (2005). Pollination ecology and the rain forest: Sarawak Studies (Vol. 174). Springer Science & Business Media. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/b138701
Sak-Bosnar, M., & Sakač, N. (2012). Direct potentiometric determination of diastase activity in honey. Food Chemistry, 135(2), 827-831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.006
Salehi, A., Jabarzare, S., Neurmohamadi, M., Kheiri, S., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2014). A double blind clinical trial on the efficacy of honey drop in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/287540
Samie, A., Abbas, A., Azeem, M. M., Hamid, S., Iqbal, M. A., Hasan, S. S., & Deng, X. (2020). Examining the impacts of future land use/land cover changes on climate in Punjab province, Pakistan: implications for environmental sustainability and economic growth. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 25415-25433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08984-x
Sheppard, W. S., & Meixner, M. D. (2003). Apis mellifera pomonella, a new honey bee subspecies from Central Asia. Apidologie, 34(4), 367-375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2003037
Silici, S., Sagdic, O., & Ekici, L. (2010). Total phenolic content, antiradical, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Rhododendron honeys. Food Chemistry, 121(1), 238-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.078
Smallheer, B. A. (2013). Bee and wasp stings: reactions and anaphylaxis. Critical Care Nursing Clinics, 25(2), 151-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2013.02.002
Sreekeesoon, D. P., & Mahomoodally, M. F. (2014). Ethnopharmacological analysis of medicinal plants and animals used in the treatment and management of pain in Mauritius. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 157, 181-200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.030
Summers, S. D. (1990). Facing the bees. Int Wildl, 20(5).
Tingek, S. (1996). Description of a new cavity nesting species of Apis (Apis nuluensis n. sp.) from Sabah, Borneo, with notes on its occurrence and reproductive biology (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apini). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 76, 115-119.
Umair, M., & Yaqoob, M. (2018). Traditional medicinal uses of honey in the district Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Wildlife and Ecology, 2(4), 11-19.
Usman, M., Hasnain, M., Banaras, S., Akram, M., Abbas, Q., Shah, J. A.,…Khan, M. N. (2022). Potential emerging constraints and management strategies of different honeybee species in Pakistan: A review. CABI Reviews(2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217058
Vallejo, J. R., & González, J. A. (2014). Fish-based remedies in Spanish ethnomedicine: a review from a historical perspective. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 10(1), 37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-37
Vallianou, N. G., Evangelopoulos, A., Skourtis, A., & Kazazis, C. (2014). HONEY AND CANCER--A REVIEW. Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research, 12(3).
Vijayakumar, S., Yabesh, J. M., Prabhu, S., Ayyanar, M., & Damodaran, R. (2015). Ethnozoological study of animals used by traditional healers in Silent Valley of Kerala, India. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 162, 296-305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.055
Waykar, B., & Alqadhi, Y. A. (2016). Biological Properties and Uses of Honey: A Concise Scientific review. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research, 4(3), 20-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.4.3.8
Whitfield, C. W., Behura, S. K., Berlocher, S. H., Clark, A. G., Johnston, J. S., Sheppard, W. S.,…Tsutsui, N. D. (2006). Thrice out of Africa: ancient and recent expansions of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Science, 314(5799), 642-645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132772
Winston, M. L., Dropkin, J. A., & Taylor, O. R. (1981). Demography and life history characteristics of two honey bee races (Apis mellifera). Oecologia, 48(3), 407-413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346502
Won, S.-R., Li, C.-Y., Kim, J.-W., & Rhee, H.-I. (2009). Immunological characterization of honey major protein and its application. Food Chemistry, 113(4), 1334-1338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.082
Yeshi, K., Morisco, P., & Wangchuk, P. (2017). Animal-derived natural products of Sowa Rigpa medicine: Their pharmacopoeial description, current utilization and zoological identification. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 207, 192-202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.009
Yirga, G., Teferi, M., & Gebreslassea, Y. (2011). Ethnozoological study of traditional medicinal animals used by the people of Kafta-Humera District, Northern Ethiopia. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 3(10), 316-320.
Zhao, H., Cheng, N., He, L., Peng, G., Liu, Q., Ma, T., & Cao, W. (2018). Hepatoprotective Effects of the Honey of Apis cerana Fabricius on Bromobenzene‐Induced Liver Damage in Mice. Journal of food science, 83(2), 509-516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14021
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Majid Khan, Muhammad Altaf, Abdullah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
