Impact Analysis of Solar Heater Box with Linear Actuator on Characteristics of Chickpea Seeds
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38211/joarps.2024.05.01.210Keywords:
Solar heater box, linear actuator, heat treatment, Chickpea grains.Abstract
Food security is one of the major concerns of humankind in the present era and a lot of work has been done to ensure the availability of food to the growing population. Post-harvest technology is one of the key components to store the seeds for long duration for consumption as food or grow as seed. The disinfection of seeds during storage from insect pests is one of the major problems that need to be addressed. In this study, an efficient solar box is designed which is operated through renewable solar energy. For this purpose, the solar heater box was prepared of an acrylic sheet (2mm thickness), Lasani sheet (2mm thickness) and hardboard sheet (12mm thickness) which were an octagon in shape with 135oC at the base. A 12v linear actuator was installed in the solar box along with hardwood log (saw tooth-like comb) to equally distribute the heat in the seed place for experiment. The highest thermal performance was generated by an acrylic solar heater box 87.40 ℃ compared to hardboard and Lasani box. However, the material used for assembling acrylic boxes was too costly. A hardboard box was too heavy and the temperature was generated 69.69℃ which was relatively significant to the temperature recorded in Lasani solar heater box (70.19℃) at after 6 hour of an observation. Concerning the financial aspect, the price of each of the three solar heater boxes was estimated based on the cost of the materials used to construct the boxes and the additional labour costs, with the assistance of carpenters during assembly. These costs show how much cheaper the Lasani box is compared to the other prototypes. The temperature at a depth of 6 cm was noted 67.42℃ among Chickpea seeds, whereas the temperature recorded within seeds was 69.61℃. Furthermore, the experiment conducted in RCBD revealed that germination percentage of seeds at a depth of 6cm was observed to be 97% after treatment. The overall conclusion of the study is that the solar box with linear actuator is more efficient as compared to traditional drying method.
Downloads
References
Abdul-Baki, A.A. & Anderson, J.D. (1973) Vigor Determination in Soybean Seed by Multiple Criteria. Crop Science, 13: 630-633. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1973.0011183X001300060013x
Abdullahi, G., Muhamad, R., Dzolkhifli, O., & Sinniah, U. R. (2018). Analysis of quality retentions in cocoa beans exposed to solar heat treatment in cardboard solar heater box. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 4(1): 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2018.1483061
Al-Kayiem, H.H., & Yassen, T.A. (2015). On the natural convection heat transfer in a rectangular passage solar air heater. Solar energy, 112: 310-318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.11.031
Babar, O.A., Arora, V.K., Nema, P.K., Kasara, A., & Tarafdar, A. (2021). Effect of PCM assisted flat plate collector solar drying of green chili on retention of bioactive compounds and control of aflatoxins development. Solar Energy, 229: 102-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.07.077
Beckett, S.J. (2011). Insect and mite control by manipulating temperature and moisture before and during chemical-free storage. Journal of stored products research, 47(4): 284-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2011.08.002
Beckett, S.J., Fields, P.G., & Subramanyam, B. (2007). Disinfestation of stored products and associated structures using heat. Heat treatments for postharvest pest control: theory and practice. CAB International, Oxon, United Kingdom, 182-236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845932527.0182
Bradford, K.J., Dahal, P., Van Asbrouck, J., Kunusoth, K., Bello, P., Thompson, J., & Wu, F. (2020). The dry chain: Reducing postharvest losses and improving food safety in humid climates. In Food Industry Wastes, 375-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817121-9.00017-6
Chauhan, Y. S., & Ghaffar, M. A. (2002). Solar heating of seeds—a low cost method to control bruchid (Callosobruchus spp.) attack during storage of pigeonpea. Journal of Stored Products Research, 38(1): 87-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(01)00005-4
Deng, Z., Li, M., Xing, T., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Literature research on the drying quality of agricultural products with using solar drying technologies. Solar Energy, volume, 229: 69-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.07.041
Dosland, O., Subramanyam, B., Sheppard, K., & Mahroof, R. (2006). Temperature modification for insect control. Insect management for food storage and processing, 89-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-891127-46-5.50015-5
Elhadaa, R.M.E., R.M. Awang, D. Omar, U.R. Sinniah and I. V. Grozescu. (2017). Selection and evaluation of materials for solar heater boxes and their capacity in trapping solar energy. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 10: 25-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-1003012532
F. Hussain, M. Ahmad, A. Ghafoor, and A. Tanvir., (2020). A developmental study of a solar-assisted maize dryer for quality drying, Journal of Animal Plant Science, 30(3): 742–748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2020.3.0087
Fawki, S., Abdel Fattah, H.M., Hussein, M.A., Ibrahim, M.M., Soliman, A.K., & Salem, D.A.M. (2014). The use of solar energy and citrus peel powder to control cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). In 11th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 168: 1022-1033.
Fields, P.G. (1992). The control of stored-product insects and mites with extreme temperatures. Journal of Stored Products Research, 28(2): 89-118.
G. Abdullahi, R. Muhamad, O. Dzolkhifli, and U. R. Sinniah., (2019). Efficiency of cardboard solar heater boxes for disinfestations of stored grains against arthropod pest, Agricultural Science and Technology, 11(3): 247–256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2019.03.043
Hansen, J.D., Johnson, J.A., & Winter, D.A. (2011). History and use of heat in pest control: a review. International Journal of Pest management, 57(4): 267-289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2011.590241
Kale, P.R., Pawar, V.S., & Shendge, S.N. (2021). Recent advances in stored grain pest management: A review. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 10(8): 667-673.
Kumar, D., & Kalita, P. (2017). Reducing postharvest losses during storage of grain crops to strengthen food security in developing countries. Foods, 6(1): 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6010008
Kumar, S., Mohapatra, D., Kotwaliwale, N., & Singh, K. K. (2017). Vacuum hermetic fumigation: A review. Journal of stored products research, 71: 47-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2017.01.002
Lewis, M.A., Trabelsi, S., & Nelson, S.O. (2019). Development of an eighth-scale grain drying system with real-time microwave monitoring of moisture content. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 35(5): 767-774. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.13130
Mahroof, R., Subramanyam, B., & Eustace, D. (2003). Temperature and relative humidity profiles during heat treatment of mills and its efficacy against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) life stages. Journal of Stored Products Research, 39(5): 555-569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(02)00062-0
Mathur, J., & Mathur, S. (2006). Summer-performance of inclined roof solar chimney for natural ventilation. Energy and Buildings, 38(10): 1156-1163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.01.006
Mekasha, C., O. Dzolkifli S. Yusuf, M. Rita and O. Noorma. (2006). Effect of heat treatment on developmental stages of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in stored adzuki bean Vigna angularis. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 26(4): 273-279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758406432100
Memon, T. R., Halepoto, I. A., & Memon, T. D. (2013). Embedded DAQ system design for temperature and humidity measurement. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, 32(2): 253-60.
Morrison, W.R., A. Bruce, R.V. Wilkins, C.E. Albin and F. H. Arthur. 2019. Sanitation improves stored product insect pest management. Insects, 10(3): 1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10030077
Neven, L.G. (2000). Insect physiological responses to heat. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 21: 103-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00169-1
Oni, E.O., Komolafe, C.A., Badmos, A.O., Kareem, S. O., Waheed, M. A., & Oluwafemi, F. (2022). Reduction of aflatoxin in freshly harvested maize using solar dryers. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 102: 4791–4801. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11842
Oni, O.K., Oyinloye, A.M., Adepeju, A.B., Okoro, C.I., & Idowu-Adebayo, F. (2021). Effect of Drying Methods and Sulphiting on the Physico-Chemical and Microbial Quality of Tomato Powder. FUOYE Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (FJPAS), 6(2): 109-117.
P.G. Fields. (1992). The control of stored-product insects and mites with extreme temperatures. Journal of Stored Products Research, 28(2): 89-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(92)90018-L
Pinto, R.B., Oduro-Kwarteng, S., Hamidu, J.A., & Essandoh, H. M. K. (2022). Sensitivity of nutritional and microbial content of food wastes to drying technologies. Scientific African, 16: 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01130
Qaisrani, R. and J. Banks. (2000). The prospects for heat disinfestation of grain. In Australian Postharvest Technical Conference, Adelaide, Australia, 1-4.
Ragaa EEM, (2011). Development of Solar Heater Boxes and Management of Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on Seed Adzuki Bean. Thesis for PhD, University Putra, Malaysia.
Saka, H.K., Bala, I., Ahmad, F.U., Adamu, A.A., Ibrahim, A.K.Y.A.T., Alkali, A.K., & Bamishaiye, E.I. (2022). Aflatoxin Total and Microbial Contamination of Grains, Oil Seeds, Yam Chips and Fish Sold in Maiduguri Market. Equity Journal of Science and Technology, 8(1): 65 – 69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/equijost.v8i1.10
Samimi-Akhijahani, H., & Arabhosseini, A. (2018). Accelerating drying process of tomato slices in a PV-assisted solar dryer using a sun tracking system. Renewable energy, 123: 428-438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.056
Sánchez‐Mariñez, R.I., M.O. Cortez‐Rocha, F. Ortega‐Dorame, M. Morales‐Valdes, and M. I. Silveira. 1997. End‐use quality of flour from Rhyzoperthadominica infested wheat. Cereal Chemistry, 74(4): 481-483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.4.481
Sidauruk, L., Panjaitan, E., Sipayung, P., & Hutauruk, S. (2022). Botanical pesticides, a potential ethnobotany Karo Regency to support food safety of the horticultural product. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1005: 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1005/1/012020
Singh, K.D., Mobolade, A.J., Bharali, R., Sahoo, D., & Rajashekar, Y. (2021). Main plant volatiles as stored grain pest management approach: A review. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 4: 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100127
Watson, A. G., Aleckovic, S., & Nallamothu, R. (2022). A novel and improved solar drying system appropriate for smallholder farmers. Drying Technology, 40(11): 2274-2282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2021.1931295
Zhu, L., Ma, Q., Chen, J., & Zhao, G. (2022). Current progress on innovative pest detection techniques for stored cereal grains and there of powders. Food Chemistry, 396: 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133706
Zhang, N., Wu, W., Wang, Y., & Li, S. (2021). Hazard analysis of traditional post-harvest operation methods and the loss reduction effect based on five time (5t) management: The case of rice in jilin province, china. Agriculture, 11(9): 877. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090877
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Masood Nazir Khoso, Irfan Ahmed Halepoto, Mushtaque Ahmed Agha
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
