L-Tryptophan Blended Novel Organic Potassium Fertilizer Developed from fruit and vegetable waste Enhanced Cotton Growth and Yield
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38211/joarps.2025.06.308Keywords:
Cotton, Potassium, L-tryptophan, Inorganic fertilizer, Organic fertilizerAbstract
Organic plant nutrition has been considered cost effective and environmentally benign, since it utilizes cheap and frequently available harmful organic waste material by converting into useful products. This study was conducted in cotton crop (cv. SAU-1) to test the efficacy of a novel potassium (K) enriched, L-tryptophan blended organic fertilizer, developed from fruit and vegetable waste. This field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, involving the single and integrated application of six varying doses of inorganic and novel organic K fertilizers, i.e. 00-00 (control), 30-00, 00-30, 30-30, 60-00, 00-60 kg K ha-1, with three repeats. The crop received recommended doses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) (160-80 kg ha-1, respectively). Overall, K fertilization showed a significant enhancement in stem diameter, number of sympodia, number of bolls, seed cotton yield (86.4, 61.5, 84, 78%, respectively), and the accumulation of N, P and K (74, 75 and 264%, respectively). The results revealed that L-tryptophan blended novel organic K fertilizer integrated with equal amounts of inorganic K fertilizer (30-30 kg ha-1) enhanced seed cotton yield and nutrient accumulation more than any other treatment. The correlation analysis suggested that K nutrition positively influenced nutrient accumulation, especially K, in cotton plants, which in turn, promoted its various growth traits and ultimately led to increased seed yield. We conclude that the integrated application of inorganic K fertilizer with K-enriched, L-tryptophan blended novel organic fertilizer in equal amounts (30 kg K ha-1 each) enhance cotton growth, seed cotton yield, and improves nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation and use. Further experiments are warranted to validate these results.
Downloads
References
Adeli, A., Brooks, J. P., Miles, D., Misna, T., Feng, G., & Jenkins, J. N. (2022). Combined effects of organic amendments and fertilization on cotton growth and yield. Agronomy Journal, 114(6), 3445–3456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21178
Arshad, M., Zia-ul-hassan, Shaharoona, B., & Ahmad, R. (2007). Organic waste management: Bioconversion into value-added soil amendment for sustainable agriculture. ESDev-2007 CIIT Abbottabad, Pakistan, pp. 905–912.
Channa, Z. A., Zia-ul-hassan, Arshad, M., & Shah, A. N. (2013). Maize response to L-tryptophan blended organic potassium fertilizer. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences, 29(1), 44-55.
Delgado, A., Quemada, M., Mateos, L., & Villalobos, F. J. (2024). Fertilization with phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients. In Principles of Agronomy for Sustainable Agriculture (pp. 415–437). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69150-8_28
Dong, H., Tang, W., Li, Z., & Zhang, D. (2004). On potassium deficiency in cotton - disorder, cause and tissue diagnosis. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 69, 77–85.
Gondek, K., & Mierzwa–Hersztek, M. (2021). Effect of soil-applied L-tryptophan on the amount of biomass and nitrogen and sulfur utilization by maize. Agronomy, 11(12), 2582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122582
GOP. (2024). Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 2022–2023. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Economic Wing), Islamabad.
Hazra, G. (2016). Different types of eco-friendly fertilizers: An overview. Sustainability in Environment, 1(1), 54–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22158/se.v1n1p54
He, H., Lou, X., & Liu, J. (2024). Nitrogen reduction and organic fertilizer application benefits growth, yield, and economic return of cotton. Agriculture, 14(7), 1073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071073
Heydarzadeh, S., Hosseinpour, A., Gitari, H., Maitra, S., & Rahimi, A. (2021). Improving quantitative and qualitative properties of cotton through the use of organic and chemical fertilizers under water deficit stress conditions. India Journal of Biological Sciences, 8(2), 69–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30954/2347-9655.02.2021.2
Jamali, K., Sahito, F., Zia-ul-hassan, Talpur, N. A., Rajpar, I., Babar, S. K., Talpur, K. H., Afzal, J. A., Amur, S., & Leghari, Z. (2023). Spatial variability mapping of selected soil properties of District Tando Allahyar, Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Sciences, 4(2), 625–636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38211/joarps.2023.04.02.188
Karnwal, A., & Dohroo, A. (2018). Effect of maize root exudates on indole-3-acetic acid production by rice endophytic bacteria under influence of L-tryptophan. F1000Research, 7, 112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13644.1
Koshki, A. A., & Armin, M. (2016). Influence of potassium foliar application on cotton yield (Gossypium barbadense L.) under saline condition. Journal of Crop Nutrition Science, 2(1 & 2), 52–60.
Kubar, S., Zia-ul-hassan, Shah, A. N., Rajpar, & Qureshi, S. A. (2013). Response of maize to a novel organic potassium fertilizer developed from fruit and vegetable wastes. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agriculture Engineering and Veterinary Sciences, 29(1), 1–12.
Kusi, N. Y. O., Lewis, K. L., Morgan, G. D., Ritchie, G. L., Deb, S. K., Stevens, R. D., & Sintim, H. Y. (2021). Cotton cultivar response to potassium fertilizer application in Texas’ southern high plains. Agronomy Journal, 113(6), 5436–5453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20807
Li, J., Hu, W., Lu, Z., Meng, F., Cong, R., Li, X., Ren, T., & Lu, J. (2021). Imbalance between nitrogen and potassium fertilization influences potassium deficiency symptoms in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) leaves. Crop Journal, 10(2), 565–576. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2021.06.001
Lin, S., Wang, Q., Wei, K., Zhao, X., Tao, W., Sun, Y., Su, L., & Deng, M. (2024). Comprehensive assessment of combined inorganic and organic fertilization strategies on cotton cultivation: implications for sustainable agriculture. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 104(14), 8456–8468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.13673
Mari, O. A., Talpur, N. A., Zia-ul-hassan, Memon, M. S., Jamali, I. A., Arain, J. A., & Depar, N. (2025). Soil spatial variability mapping of district Shaheed Benazirabad for climate resilient sustainable agriculture. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 33, 330414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.2304
Mastoi, G. S., Zia-ul-hassan, Rajpar, I., Shah, A. N., & Qureshi, S. A. (2013). Response of field grown hybrid maize to integrated use of inorganic and organic potassium fertilizers. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering & Veterinary Sciences, 29, 126-136.
Noor, A., Wahocho, N. A., Haider, N., Jamali, M. F., Talpur, A., Abro, M., & Wahocho, S. A. (2024). Priming with moringa leaf extract improves the germination and growth of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.). Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, 1(1), 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38211/PJA.2024.01.82
Pengbing, L., Liuyan, Z., Jinping, D., Zhifang, W., Yuqing, X., Huitao, Z, Xiaowu, W., Jiang, T., Kuanrang, N., & Xinping, Y. (2023). Effects of organic-inorganic compound liquid fertilizer on yield and quality of cotton. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 39(16), 7–11.
Qiao, C., XiaoLi, T., Wei, Y., & Ning, W. (2015). Spatiotemporal pattern of potassium deficiency symptoms and K+ concentration in cotton leaf. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 41(12), 1888-1898. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.01888
Rawat, J., Pandey, N., & Saxena, J. (2022). Role of potassium in plant photosynthesis, transport, growth and yield. In Role of Potassium in Abiotic Stress, pp. 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4461-0_1
Rind, W. A., Talpur, N. A., Bhatti, I. P., Khooharo, A. A., Jamali, K., Memon, N., & Khanzada, I. U. H. (2024). Effect of foliar application of moringa leaf extract on biomass production and nutrient content of maize. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, 1(1), 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38211/PJA.2024.01.79
Ryan, J., Estefan, G., & Rashid, A. (2001). Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory Manual (2nd ed.). Aleppo, Syria: ICARDA, pp. 172.
Saraz, R., Amur, S., Talpur, N. A., Rajpar, I., Memon, M. S., Kandhro, M. N., Talpur, K. H., & Depar, N. (2023). Evaluating soil variability in District Mirpurkhas, Sindh, Pakistan through digital mapping. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 39(3), 581–589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2023/39.3.581.589
Sarwar, N., Wasaya, A., Yasir, T. A., Mubeen, K., Hussain, M., Javaid, M. M., Mehboob, K., & El Sabagh, A. (2024). Potassium supplementation mitigates flooding stress by regulating antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic performance, yield attributes, and lint quality in cotton plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 47(19), 3754–3766. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2024.2384565
Sekhon, N. K., & Singh, C. B. (2013). Plant nutrient status during boll development and seed cotton yield as affected by foliar application of different sources of potassium. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 4(7), 1409–1417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.47172
Shah, A. N., Kandhro, M. N., Jogi, Q., Zia-ul-hassan, & Jamro, G. M. (2019). 87. Integration of potassium fertilizer with mechanically prepared potassium-enriched compost from city market waste for improvement in maize production. Pure and Applied Biology, 8(1), 847-855. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80026
Shah, A. N., Tunio, S. D., Zia-ul-hassan & Arshad, M. (2014). Quality assessment of organic and biofertilizers developed from fruit and vegetable waste. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences, 30(1), 32-42.
Shi, Y., Niu, X., Chen, B., Pu, S., Ma, H., Li, P., Feng, G., & Ma, X. (2023). Chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer affects the soil microbial community and diversity and yield of cotton. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1295722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1295722
Shujrah, A. A., Sarki, M. S., Lashari, M. S., & Solangi, M. A. (2024). Efficacy of potassium humate prepared from tropical peat soil for maize growth and nutrient uptake under acidic soil conditions of Malaysia. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, 1(1), 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38211/PJA.2024.01.78
Talpur, N. A., Dars, N. J., Talpur, K. H., Qureshi, S. A., Rashdi, H. S., & Jamali, I. A. (2025). Bonemeal biocompost enhances wheat yield and phosphorus use efficiency in phosphorus deficient soil. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, 2(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.38211/PJA.2025.02.87
Wang, N., Zhan, J., Feng, K., Qi, J., & Nan, H. (2024). Higher yield sustainability and soil quality by reducing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer application under a single-cotton cropping system. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15, 1494667. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1494667
Yang, J., Hu, W., Zhao, W., Meng, Y., Chen, B., Wang, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2016). Soil potassium deficiency reduces cotton fiber strength by accelerating and shortening fiber development. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 28856. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28856
Zahir, Z. A., Naveed, M., Zafar, M. I., Rehman, H. S., Arshad, M., & Khalid, M. (2007). Evaluation of composted organic waste enriched with nitrogen and L-tryptophan for improving growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 39(5), 1739–1749.
Zia-ul-hassan, & Arshad, M. (2008). Evaluating factors affecting cotton tolerance to potassium deficiency stress using path analysis. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 10(5), 511–516.
Zia-ul-hassan, & Arshad, M. (2010). Cotton growth under potassium deficiency stress is influenced by photosynthetic apparatus and root system. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(2), 917–925.
Zia-ul-hassan, & Arshad, M. (2011). Relationship among root characteristics and differential potassium uptake and use efficiency of selected cotton genotypes under potassium deficiency stress. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 34(4), 1831–1835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2011.610483
Zia-ul-hassan, Arshad, M., & Khalid, A. (2011). Evaluating potassium-use-efficient cotton genotypes using different ranking methods. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 34(13), 1957–1972 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2011.610483
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Zia-ul-Hassan Shah, Kashif Ali Kubar, Naheed Akhter Talpur, Inzamam Ali Jamali, Javaria Afzal Arain, Inayatullah Rajpar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
