Records of Orthoptera in Fauna of British India within present boundaries of Pakistan.

The current study aimed to compile comprehensive records of Orthoptera fauna with a focus on British India. For the first time, efforts were made to represent a record in a specific order for the areas falling under Pakistani jurisdiction. The British Indian fauna consists of 28 records from 12 different sub-families that are widely distributed in Pakistan. In addition, the current status of the species in these areas is described in this paper.


Introduction
Insects belonging to the order Orthoptera include grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets, as well as insects that are closely related to these groups, such as katydids and bush crickets. Insects that belong to the suborder Caelifera include grasshoppers, locusts, and other closely related species. Insects that belong to the suborder Ensifera include crickets and other closely related species (Panhwar, 2018).
The bodies of orthopterans are typically cylindrical in shape, and their hind legs and musculature are lengthened and specialised for jumping. They have large compound eyes and mandibulate mouthparts that allow them to bite and chew their food. Depending on the species, they may or may not have ocelli in their eyes. The antennae are of a filiform kind, contain many joints, and vary in terms of their overall length (Rentz,1978;Whitman, 2008).
The first and third segments of the thorax are significantly larger than the second section, which is somewhat more diminutive. They have two sets of wings, each of which, while at rest, are folded over and held overlapping the abdomen (Soomro & Wagan, 2005). The forewings, also known as tegmina, are more thin than the hindwings and are strengthened towards the base. In contrast, the hindwing is membranous and has both straight veins and a large number of cross-veins. When at rest, the hind wings are stored in a fan-like position underneath the forewings. The final two to three segments of the abdomen are reduced in size and feature cerci that only have one segment ( Suhail et al., 2001;Ali & Panhwar,2017).
Any nation can benefit from maintaining an accurate inventory of its insect population since doing so raises awareness of the beneficial and dangerous species of insects that coexist in a given ecosystem and enables better management of these organisms. It was necessary to separate the material belonging to what is now Pakistan because it had never been mentioned as a separate list. As a result, this is the first attempt to provide an elucidated checklist based on the series Fauna of British India, which was published during an era of British rule in India during the 18th century and till mid of 19 th Century. Since the series consisted of material belonging to what is now Pakistan, it was necessary to separate the material in order to determine what insects lived in what is now Pakistan.

Materials and methods
For present studies Kirby (1914) Fauna of British India was studied. Several techniques, including google maps and others, were utilised to divide the current Pakistani localities (Map 1). The inventory is organised, and each species is listed under the genera that are described in the British Indian Fuana. The Orthoptera Species File online (OSF) provides the current status of each listed species. The world's Orthoptera (grasshoppers, katydids, crickets, and allied insects) are catalogued in the Orthoptera Species File, a taxonomic database. It includes 48,110 scientific names, 236,700 citations to 15,800 references, 110,000 photos, 2000 sound recordings, and 109,300 specimen records in addition to full taxonomic and synonymic information for over 29,400 legitimate species uptodate (Cigliano et al.,2023).

Results
There were a total of 28 records found within 12 different subfamilies for the order Orthoptera in the fauna of British India. These records pertain to the area that is now Pakistan. The list is given as below Sphingonotus gigas (Kirby, 1914) Baluchistan : Quetta Eremopeza gigas (Kirby, 1914) Eremopeza granulosa (Walker, 1871)